Clinical Radiology
Volume 64, Issue 2 , Pages 119-126 , February 2009

Ergonomics in radiology

  • N. Goyal

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationGuarantor and correspondent: N. Goyal, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK. Tel.: +44 29 2074 3030; fax: +44 29 2074 3029.
    • ,
  • N. Jain
    • ,
  • V. Rachapalli

Received 9 June 2008 ,Revised 2 August 2008 ,Accepted 7 August 2008.

References 

  1. Beevis D, Slade IM. Ergonomics – costs and benefits. Appl Ergon. 2003;34:413–418
  2. Reiner BI, Siegel EL, Hooper FJ, et al. Radiologists' productivity in the interpretation of CT scans: a comparison of PACS with conventional film. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176:861–864
  3. Mehta A, Dreyer K, Boland G, et al. Do picture archiving and communication systems improve report turnaround times?. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:105–107
  4. Fleishon HB, Bhargavan M, Meghea C. Radiologists' reading times using PACS and using films: one practice's experience. Acad Radiol. 2006;13:453–460
  5. Bryan S, Weatherburn G, Watkins J, et al. Radiology report times: impact of picture archiving and communication systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:1153–1159
  6. Twair AA, Torreggiani WC, Mahmud SM, et al. Significant savings in radiologic report turnaround time after implementation of a complete picture archiving and communication system (PACS). J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:175–177
  7. Hayt DB, Alexander S, Drakakis J, et al. Filmless in 60 days: the impact of picture archiving and communications systems within a large urban hospital. J Digit Imaging. 2001;14:62–71
  8. White FA, Zwemer FL, Beach C, et al. Emergency department digital radiology: moving from photos to pixels. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:1213–1222
  9. Siegel E, Reiner B. Workflow redesign: the key to success when using PACS. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:563–566
  10. Reiner BI, Siegel EL. The cutting edge: strategies to enhance radiologist workflow in a filmless/paperless imaging department. J Digit Imaging. 2002;15:178–190
  11. Redfern RO, Horii SC, Feingold E, et al. Radiology workflow and patient volume: effect of picture archiving and communication systems on technologists and radiologists. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:97–100
  12. May GA, Deer DD, Dackiewicz D. Impact of digital radiography on clinical workflow. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:76–78
  13. Mack S, Holstein J, Kleber K, et al. New aspects of image distribution and workflow in radiology. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:17–21
  14. Gay SB, Sobel AH, Young LQ, et al. Process involved in reading imaging studies: workflow analysis and implications for workstation development. J Digit Imaging. 2002;15:171–177[discussion: 170]
  15. Reiner B, Siegel E, Carrino JA. Workflow optimization: current trends and future directions. J Digit Imaging. 2002;15:141–152
  16. Reiner BI, Siegel EL, Siddiqui K. Evolution of the digital revolution: a radiologist perspective. J Digit Imaging. 2003;16:324–330
  17. Siegel EL, Diaconis JN, Pomerantz S, et al. Making filmless radiology work. J Digit Imaging. 1995;8:151–155
  18. Dackiewicz D, Bergsneider C, Piraino D. Impact of digital radiography on clinical workflow and patient satisfaction. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:200–201
  19. Langen HL, Bielmeier J, Wittenberg G, et al. Workflow improvement and efficiency gain with near total digitalization of a radiology department. [In German] Rofo. 2003;175:1309–1316
  20. Kumar S, Moro L, Narayan Y. Perceived physical stress at work and musculoskeletal discomfort in x-ray technologists. Ergonomics. 2004;47:189–201
  21. Harisinghani MG, Blake MA, Saksena M, et al. Importance and effects of altered workplace ergonomics in modern radiology suites. RadioGraphics. 2004;24:615–627
  22. Prabhu SP, Gandhi S, Goddard PR. Ergonomics of digital imaging. Br J Radiol. 2005;78:582–586
  23. Siddiqui KM, Chia S, Knight N, et al. Design and ergonomic considerations for the filmless environment. J Am Coll Radiol. 2006;3:456–467
  24. Bennett WF, Vaswani KK, Mendiola JA, et al. PACS monitors: an evolution of radiologist's viewing techniques. J Digit Imaging. 2002;15(Suppl. 1):171–174
  25. Reiner B, Siegel E, Protopapas Z, et al. Impact of filmless radiology on frequency of clinician consultations with radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173:1169–1172
  26. Reiner BI, Siegel EL, Flagle C, et al. Effect of filmless imaging on the utilization of radiologic services. Radiology. 2000;215:163–167
  27. Nagy P, Siegel E, Hanson T, et al. PACS reading room design. Semin Roentgenol. 2003;38:244–255
  28. Rostenberg B. Reading rooms should be designed to accommodate future changes. Diagn Imaging. 2000;215:163–167
  29. Ghosh S, Andriole KP, Avrin DE. Viewport: an object-oriented approach to integrate workstation software for tile and stack mode display. J Digit Imaging. 1997;10:177–179
  30. Kim Y, Fahy JB, DeSoto LA, et al. Development of a PC-based radiological imaging workstation. J Digit Imaging. 1988;2003(16):104–113[discussion: 103]
  31. Gay SB, Sobel AH, Young LQ, et al. Processes involved in reading imaging studies: workflow analysis and implications for workstation development. J Digit Imaging. 1997;10:40–45
  32. Tang PC, Patel VL. Major issues in user interface design for health professional workstations: summary and recommendations. Int J Biomed Comput. 1994;34:139–148
  33. Krupinski EA, Kallergi M. Choosing a radiology workstation: technical and clinical considerations. Radiology. 2007;242:671–682
  34. Dreyer Kj MA, Thrall JH. PACS: a guide to the digital revolution. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002;
  35. Ruess L, O'Connor SC, Cho KH, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome: work-related musculoskeletal disorders in four symptomatic radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:37–42
  36. Vertinsky T, Forster B. Prevalence of eye strain among radiologists: influence of viewing variables on symptoms. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:681–686
  37. Roehrig H, Krupinski EA, Furukawa T. Evaluation of a flat CRT monitor for use in radiology. J Digit Imaging. 2001;14:142–148
  38. Jung H, Kim HJ, Kang WS, et al. Assessment of flat panel LCD primary class display performance based on AAPM TG 18 acceptance protocol. Med Phys. 2004;31:2155–2164
  39. Badano A, Flynn MJ, Martin S, et al. Angular dependence of the luminance and contrast in medical monochrome liquid crystal displays. Med Phys. 2003;30:2602–2613
  40. Martin SBA, Kanicki J. Characterization of a high quality monochrome AM-LCD monitor for digital radiology. Proc SPIE Med Imag. 2002;4681:293–304
  41. Badano A, Gallas BD, Myers KJ, et al. Effect of viewing angle on visual detection in liquid crystal displays. Proc SPIE Med Imag. 2003;5029:474–483
  42. Krupinski EA. Technology and perception in the 21st-century reading room. J Am Coll Radiol. 2006;3:433–440
  43. Siegel E, Reiner B, Abiri M, et al. The filmless radiology reading room: a survey of established picture archiving and communication system sites. J Digit Imaging. 2000;13:22–23
  44. Ong CN. Musculoskeletal disorders in operators of visual display terminals. World Health Forum. 1994;15:161–164
  45. Horii SC. Electronic imaging workstations: ergonomic issues and the user interface. RadioGraphics. 1992;12:773–787
  46. Izquierdo JC, Garcia M, Buxo C, et al. Factors leading to the Computer Vision Syndrome: an issue at the contemporary workplace. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2004;96:103–110
  47. Burgess-Limerick R, Plooy A, Ankrum DR. The effect of imposed and self-selected computer monitor height on posture and gaze angle. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 1998;13:584–592
  48. Jaschinski-Kruza W. Visual strain during VDU work: the effect of viewing distance and dark focus. Ergonomics. 1988;31:1449–1465
  49. Owens DA, Wolf-Kelly K. Near work, visual fatigue, and variations of oculomotor tonus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28:743–749
  50. Carter JB, Banister EW. Musculoskeletal problems in VDT work: a review. Ergonomics. 1994;37:1623–1648
  51. de Korte EM, van Lingen P. The effect of speech recognition on working postures, productivity and the perception of user friendliness. Appl Ergon. 2006;37:341–347
  52. Juul-Kristensen B, Laursen B, Pilegaard M, et al. Physical workload during use of speech recognition and traditional computer input devices. Ergonomics. 2004;47:119–133
  53. Card SK, English WK, Burr BJ. Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics. 1978;21:601–613
  54. Epps BW. Comparison of six cursor control devices based on Fitts' law models. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting. 1986:327–331.
  55. Lee YH, Su MC. Design and validation of a desk-free and posture-independent input device. Appl Ergon. 2008;39:399–406
  56. Lee DL, Fleisher J, McLoone HE, et al. Alternative computer mouse design and testing to reduce finger extensor muscle activity during mouse use. Hum Factors. 2007;49:573–584
  57. Brown JN, Albert WJ, Croll J. A new input device: comparison to three commercially available mouses. Ergonomics. 2007;50:208–227
  58. Lee TH. Ergonomic comparison of operating a built-in touch-pad pointing device and a trackball mouse on posture and muscle activity. Percept Mot Skills. 2005;101:730–736
  59. Kimme-Smith C, Haus AG, DeBruhl N, et al. Effects of ambient light and view box luminance on the detection of calcifications in mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:775–778
  60. Baxter B, Ravindra H, Normann RA. Changes in lesion detectability caused by light adaptation in retinal photoreceptors. Invest Radiol. 1982;17:394–401
  61. Ravindra H, Normann RA, Baxter B. The effect of extraneous light on lesion detectability. A demonstration. Invest Radiol. 1983;18:105–106
  62. Alter AJ, Kargas GA, Kargas SA, et al. The influence of ambient and viewbox light upon visual detection of low-contrast targets in a radiograph. Invest Radiol. 1982;17:402–406
  63. Siegel ERB. Radiology reading room design: the next generation. Appl Radiol. 2002;4:11–16
  64. Hedge A. The professor's practical survival guide to ergonomics. Great Falls: Society for computer applications in radiology; 2004;
  65. Diffrient NTA, Harman D. Humanscale l/2./3, 4/5/6, and 7/8/9. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1981;
  66. Ho BK, Ratib O, Horii SC. PACS workstation design. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 1991;15:147–155
  67. Smith NA. Lateral epicondylitis in a hospital phlebotomist – an ergonomic solution. Occup Med (Lond). 2001;51:513–515
  68. Mirk P, Magnavita N, Masini L, et al. Frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms in diagnostic medical sonographers. Results of a pilot survey, Radiol Med (Torino). 1999;98:236–241
  69. Wihlidal LMKS. An injury profile of practicing diagnostic medical sonographers in Alberta. Int J Ind Ergon. 1997;19:205–216
  70. Murphy CRA. An update on ergonomic issues in sonography. British Columbia: Employee Health and Safety Services, Healthcare Benefit Trust; 2000;
  71. Magnavita N, Bevilacqua L, Mirk P, et al. Work-related musculoskeletal complaints in sonologists. J Occup Environ Med. 1999;41:981–988
  72. Christenssen W. Stretch exercises: reducing the musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in the arms and upper bodies of echocardiographers. J Diagn Med Sonography. 2001;17:123–140
  73. Sikkink CJ, Reijnen MM, Zeebregts CJ. The creation of the optimal dedicated endovascular suite. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2008;35:198–204
  74. Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, et al. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:253–262
  75. Shimmura S, Shimazaki J, Tsubota K. Results of a population-based questionnaire on the symptoms and lifestyles associated with dry eye. Cornea. 1999;18:408–411
  76. Wiggins NP, Daum KM, Snyder CA. Effects of residual astigmatism in contact lens wear on visual discomfort in VDT use. J Am Optom Assoc. 1992;63:177–181
  77. Executive HaS. The health and safety (display screen equipment) regulations 1992, 2005.
  78. Ziemssen F, Freudenthaler N, Regnery K, et al. Blinking activity during visual display terminal work. Part 1: ocular discomfort and pathophysiological principles. [In German] Ophthalmologe. 2005;102:805–811
  79. Marriott IA, Stuchly MA. Health aspects of work with visual display terminals. J Occup Med. 1986;28:833–848
  80. Fenety A, Walker JM. Short-term effects of workstation exercises on musculoskeletal discomfort and postural changes in seated video display unit workers. Phys Ther. 2002;82:578–589
  81. Grandjean E. Fitting the task to the man. 3rd ed London: Taylor & Francis; 1980;
  82. McLean L, Tingley M, Scott RN, et al. Computer terminal work and the benefit of microbreaks. Appl Ergon. 2001;32:225–237
  83. Thibodeau PL, Melamut SJ. Ergonomics in the electronic library. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1995;83:322–329
  84. Green RA, Briggs CA. Effect of overuse injury and the importance of training on the use of adjustable workstations by keyboard operators. J Occup Med. 1989;31:557–562
  85. Shikdar AA, Al-Kindi MA. Office ergonomics: deficiencies in computer workstation design. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2007;13:215–223
  86. Robertson MM, O'Neill MJ. Reducing musculoskeletal discomfort: effects of an office ergonomics workplace and training intervention. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2003;9:491–502
  87. Martin C, Andrew-Tuthill DM. Office ergonomics. Measurements for success. Aaohn J. 1999;47:479–491quiz 492–493

PII: S0009-9260(08)00336-X

doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2008.08.003

Clinical Radiology
Volume 64, Issue 2 , Pages 119-126 , February 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution