Clinical Radiology
Volume 63, Issue 10 , Pages 1073-1085 , October 2008

The design and imaging characteristics of dynamic, solid-state, flat-panel x-ray image detectors for digital fluoroscopy and fluorography

  • A.R. Cowen

      Affiliations

    • LXi_Research, The University of Leeds, Division of Medical Physics, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationGuarantor and correspondent: A.R. Cowen, LXi_Research, The University of Leeds, Division of Medical Physics, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, West Yorkshire, UK. Tel.: +44 0113 3438312.
    • ,
  • A.G. Davies

      Affiliations

    • LXi_Research, The University of Leeds, Division of Medical Physics, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
    • ,
  • M.U. Sivananthan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Cardiology, Yorkshire Heart Centre, The General Infirmary, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK

Received 28 March 2008 ,Accepted 4 June 2008.

References 

  1. Krohmer JS. Radiography and fluoroscopy, 1920 to the present. RadioGraphics. 1989;9:1129–1153
  2. Schueler BA. General overview of fluoroscopic imaging. RadioGraphics. 2000;20:1115–1126
  3. Van Lysel MS. Fluoroscopy: optical coupling and the video system. RadioGraphics. 2000;20:1769–1786
  4. Mistretta CA, Crummy AB. Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease by digital subtraction angiography. Science. 1981;214:761–765
  5. Pooley RA, McKinney JM, Miller DA. Digital fluoroscopy. RadioGraphics. 2001;21:521–534
  6. Cowen AR, Kengyelics SM, Davies AG. Solid-state flat-panel digital radiography detectors and their physical imaging characteristics. Clin Radiol. 2008;63:487–498
  7. Schiebel U, Conrads N, Jung N, et al. Fluoroscopic x-ray imaging with amorphous silicon thin-film arrays. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1994;2162:129–140
  8. Antonuk LE, Yorkston J, Huang W, et al. A real-time, flat-panel amorphous silicon digital x-ray imager. RadioGraphics. 1995;15:993–1000
  9. Chabbal J, Chaussat T, Ducourant T, et al. Amorphous silicon x-ray image sensor. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1996;2708:499–510
  10. Colbeth RE, Allen MJ, Day DJ, et al. Characterisation of an amorphous silicon fluoroscopic imager. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1997;3032:42–51
  11. Colbeth RE, Allen MJ, Day DJ, et al. Flat panel imaging system for fluoroscopy applications. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1998;3338:376–387
  12. Bruijns TJ, Alving PL, Baker EL, et al. Technical and clinical results of an experimental flat dynamic (digital) x-ray image detector (FDXD) systems with real-time correction. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1998;3336:33–44
  13. Bury RF, Cowen AR, Davies AG, et al. Initial experiences with an experimental solid-state universal digital x-ray detector. Clin Radiol. 1998;53:923–928
  14. Bruijns AJC, Bury R, Busse F, et al. Technical and clinical assessments of an experimental flat dynamic x-ray image detector system. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1999;3659:324–335
  15. Jung N, Alving PL, Busse F, et al. Dynamic x-ray imaging based on an amorphous silicon thin-film array. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1998;3336:974–985
  16. Busse F, Rutten W, Sandkamp B, et al. Design and performance of a high quality cardiac flat panel detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2002;4682:819–827
  17. Granfors PR, Albagli D, Tkaczyk JE, et al. Performance of a flat cardiac detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2001;4320:77–86
  18. Sivananthan UM, Moore J, Cowan JC, et al. A flat-detector cardiac cath lab system in clinical practice. Medicamundi. 2004;48:4–12
  19. Granfors PR, Aufrichtig R, Possin GE, et al. Performance of a 41 × 41 cm2 amorphous silicon flat panel x-ray detector designed for angiographic and R&F imaging applications. Med Phys. 2003;30:2715–2726
  20. Ducourant T, Michel M, Vieux G, et al. Optimization of key building blocks for a large area radiographic and fluoroscopic dynamic x-ray detector based on a-Si:H/CsI:Tl flat panel technology. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2000;3977:14–25
  21. Bruijns AJC, Bastiaens R, Hoornaert B, et al. Image quality of a large-area dynamic flat detector: comparison with a state-of-the-art IITV system. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2002;4682:332–343
  22. Colbeth RE, Boyce S, Fong R, et al. 40 × 30 cm2 flat imager for angiography, R&FG and cone-beam CT applications. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2001;4320:94–102
  23. Choquette M, Demers Y, Shukri Z, et al. Real time performance of a selenium based detector for fluoroscopy. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2001;4320:501–508
  24. Tousignant O, Demers Y, Laperriere L, et al. Clinical performances of a 14”×14” real time amorphous selenium flat panel detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2003;5030:71–76
  25. Ducourant T, Couder D, Wirth T, et al. Image quality of digital subtraction angiography using flat detector technology. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2003;5030:203–214
  26. Neitzel U. Recent technological developments and their influence. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2000;90:15–20
  27. Spahn M. Flat detectors and their clinical applications. Eur Radiol. 2005;15:1934–1947
  28. Seibert JA. Flat-panel detectors: how much better are they?. Pediatr Radiol. 2006;36:173–181
  29. Fahrig R, Wen Z, Ganguly A, et al. Performance of a static-anode/flat-panel x-ray fluoroscopy system in a diagnostic strength magnetic field: truly hybrid x-ray/MR imaging system. Med Phys. 2005;32:1775–1784
  30. Nguyen TC, Rowlands JA. A study of motion in gastro-intestinal x-ray fluoroscopy. Med Phys. 1989;16:569–576
  31. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Holle J, et al. In-plane coronary arterial motion velocity: measurement with electron-beam CT. Radiology. 2000;216:457–463
  32. Zhao W, DeCresenzo G, Rowlands JA. Investigation of lag and ghosting in amorphous selenium flat-panel x-ray detectors. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2003;4682:9–20
  33. Siewerdsen JH. Jaffray. DA A ghost story: spatio-temporal response characteristics of an indirect-detection flat-panel imager. Med Phys. 1999;26:1624–1641
  34. Overdick M, Solf T, Wischmann H-A. Temporal artefacts in flat dynamic x-ray detectors. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2001;4320:47–58
  35. Dainty JC, Shaw R. Image science. London: Academic Press; 1975;
  36. Tognina CA, Mollov I, Yu JM, et al. Design and performance of a new a-Si flat panel imager for use in cardiovascular and mobile C-arm imaging systems. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2004;5368:648–656
  37. Moy JP. Signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution in x-ray electronic imagers: is the MTF a relevant parameter?. Med Phys. 2000;27:86–93
  38. Tousignant O, Demers Y, Laperriere L, et al. Spatial and temporal image characteristics of a real-time large area a-Se x-ray detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2005;5745:207–215
  39. Davies AG, Cowen AR, Kengyelics SM, et al. Threshold contrast detail detectability measurement of the fluoroscopic image quality of a dynamic solid-state digital x-ray image detector. Med Phys. 2001;28:11–15
  40. Spekowius G, Boerner H, Eckenbach W, et al. Simulation of the imaging performance of x-ray image intensifier YV camera chains. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1995;2432:12–23
  41. Baker EL, Cowen AR, Kemner R, et al. A physical evaluation of a CCD-based x-ray image intensifier fluorography system for cardiac applications. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1998;3336:430–441
  42. Vano E, Geiger B, Schreiner A, et al. Dynamic flat panel detector versus image intensifier in cardiac: dose and image quality. Phys Med Biol. 2005;50:5731–5742
  43. Davies AG, Cowen AR, Kengyelics SM, et al. X-ray dose reduction in fluoroscopically guided electrophysiology procedures. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2006;29:262–271
  44. Fahrig R, Fox AJ, Lownie S, et al. Use of a C-arm system to generate true three-dimensional computed rotational angiograms: preliminary in vitro and in vivo results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;18:1507–1514
  45. Fahrig R, Moreau M. Holdsworth. Three dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction using a C-arm mounted XRII: correction of image intensifier distortion. Med Phys. 1997;24:1097–1106
  46. Baba R, Konno Y, Ueda K, et al. Comparison of flat-panel detector and image-intensifier detector for cone-beam CT. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2002;26:153–158
  47. Hirota S, Nakao N, Yamamoto S, et al. Cone-beam CT with flat-panel detector digital angiography system: early experiences in abdominal interventional procedures. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29:1034–1038
  48. Hirai T, Korogi Y, Ono K, et al. Pseudostenosis phenomenon at volume-rendered three-dimensional digital angiography of intracranial arteries: frequency, location and effect on image evaluation. Radiology. 2004;232:882–887
  49. Kakeda S, Korogi Y, Ohnari N, et al. 3D digital subtraction angiography of intracranial aneurysms: comparison of flat panel detector with conventional image intensifier TV system using a vascular phantom. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:839–843
  50. Akpek S, Brunner T, Benndorf G, et al. Three-dimensional imaging and cone beam volume CT in C-arm angiography with flat panel detector. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005;11:10–13
  51. Hatakeyama Y, Kakeda S, Korogi Y, et al. Intracranial 2D and 3D DSA with flat panel detector of the direct conversion type: initial experience. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:2594–2602
  52. Heran NS, Song JK, Mamba K, et al. The utility of DynaCT in neurovascular procedures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:330–332
  53. Soderman M, Babic D, Homan R, et al. 3D roadmap in neuroangiography: technique and clinical interest. Neuroradiology. 2005;47:735–740
  54. Wilhelm K, Babic D. 3D angiography in the interventional clinical routine. Medicamundi. 2006;50:24–31
  55. Racadio JM, Babic D, Homan R, et al. Live 3D guidance in the interventional radiology suite. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:357–364
  56. Weisfield RL, Yao W, Speaker T, et al. Performance analysis of a 127 micron pixel large-area TFT photo-diode array with boosted fill factor. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2004;5368:338–348
  57. Matsura N, Zhao W, Huang Z, et al. Digital radiology using active matrix readout: amplified pixel detector array for fluoroscopy. Med Phys. 1999;26:672–681
  58. Roos PG, Colbeth RE, Mollov I, et al. Multiple-gain-ranging readout method to extend the dynamic range of amorphous silicon flat-panel imagers. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2004;5368:139–149
  59. Street RA, Ready SE, van Schuylenbergh K, et al. Comparison of PbI2 and HgI2 for direct detection active matrix x-ray image sensors. J Appl Phys. 2002;91:3345–3355
  60. Kasap SO, Rowlands JA. Direct-conversion flat-panel x-ray image sensors for digital radiography. Proc IEEE. 2002;90:591–604
  61. Neitzel U. Status and prospects of digital detector technology for CR and DR. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2005;114:32–38
  62. Nakagawa K, Mizuno S, Aoki Y, et al. C-MOS flat-panel sensor for real-time x-ray imaging. Radiat Med. 2000;18:349–353
  63. Graeve T, Weckler GP. High-resolution C-MOS imaging detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2001;4320:68–76

PII: S0009-9260(08)00251-1

doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2008.06.002

Clinical Radiology
Volume 63, Issue 10 , Pages 1073-1085 , October 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution