Clinical Radiology
Volume 63, Issue 5 , Pages 487-498 , May 2008

Solid-state, flat-panel, digital radiography detectors and their physical imaging characteristics

  • A.R. Cowen

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationGuarantor and correspondent: A.R. Cowen, LXi Research, Academic Unit of Medical Physics, Worsley Building, The University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Tel.: +44 0113 3438312.
    • ,
  • S.M. Kengyelics
    • ,
  • A.G. Davies

Received 6 June 2007 ,Revised 8 October 2007 ,Accepted 21 October 2007.

References 

  1. Hay GA. Quantitative aspects of television techniques in diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol. 1958;31:611
  2. Fujieda I, Nelson RA, Street RA, et al. Radiation imaging with 2D a-Si sensor arrays. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1992;39:1056
  3. Powell MJ, French ID, Hughes JR, et al. Amorphous silicon image sensor arrays. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc. 1992;258:1127
  4. Chabbal J, Chaussat C, Ducourant T, et al. Amorphous silicon x-ray image sensor medical imaging. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1996;2708:499
  5. Chaussat C, Chabbal J, Ducourant T, et al. New CsI/a-Si 172×172 x-ray flat panel detector provides superior detectivity and immediate direct digital output for general radiography systems. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1998;3336:45
  6. Neitzel U. Integrated digital radiography with a flat electronic detector. Medicamundi. 1997;41:14
  7. Strotzer M, Gmeinwieser J, Spahn M, et al. Amorphous silicon, flat-panel, x-ray detector versus screen-film radiography: effect of dose reduction on the detectability of cortical bone defects and fractures. Invest Radiol. 1998;33:33
  8. Bury RF, Cowen AR, Davies AG, et al. Initial experiences with an experimental solid-state universal digital x-ray detector. Clin Radiol. 1998;53:923
  9. Bruijns AJC, Bury R, Busse F, et al. Technical and clinical assessments of an experimental flat dynamic x-ray image detector system. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1999;3659:324
  10. Busse F, Rutten W, Sandkamp B, et al. Design and performance of a high quality cardiac flat panel detector. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2002;4682:819
  11. Sivananthan UM, Moore J, Cowan JC, et al. A flat-detector cardiac cath lab system in clinical practice. Medicamundi. 2004;48:56
  12. Cowen AR, Davies AG, Kengyelics SM, et al. Computed radiography systems and their physical imaging characteristics. Clin Radiol. 2007;62:1132
  13. Granfors PR, Aufrichtig R. Performance of a 41 cm×41cm amorphous silicon flat panel x-ray detector for radiographic imaging applications. Med Phys. 2000;27:1324
  14. Yamazaki T, Tamura T, Nokita M, et al. Performance of a novel 43 cm×43 cm flat-panel detector with CsI:Tl scintillator. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2004;5368:379
  15. Kotter E, Langer M. Digital radiography with large-area flat-panel detectors. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2562
  16. Volk M, Hamer OW, Feuerbach S, et al. Dose reduction using a large-area flat-panel detector based on amorphous silicon and thallium-doped caesium iodide: technical background, basic image quality parameters, and review of the literature. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:827
  17. Neitzel U, Maack I, Gunther-Kohfahl S. Image quality of a digital chest radiography system based on a selenium detector. Med Phys. 1994;12:509
  18. Lee DL, Cheung LK, Jeromin LS. A new digital detector for projection radiography. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1995;2432:237
  19. Jeromin LS, Lee DY, Palecki EF, et al. Productivity improvements with a direct digital radiography system integrated with PACS. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1996;2711:236
  20. Lee DL, Jeromin LS, Cheung LKN. The physics of a new direct digital x-ray detector. In:  Lemke HU editors. Proceedings of computer assisted radiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996;p. 83–88
  21. Que W, Rowlands JA. X-ray imaging using amorphous selenium: inherent spatial resolution. Med Phys. 1995;22:365
  22. Noel A, Thibault F. Digital detectors for mammography; technical challenges. Eur Radiol. 2004;14:1990
  23. Dainty JC, Shaw R. Image science. London: Academic Press; 1975;
  24. Piraino DW, Davros WJ, Lieber M, et al. Selenium-based digital radiography versus conventional film-screen radiography of the hands and feet: a subjective comparison. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;172:177
  25. Moy JP. Signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution in x-ray electronic imagers: is the MTF a relevant parameter?. Med Phys. 2000;27:86
  26. Samei E, Flynn MJ. An experimental comparison of detector performance for direct and indirect digital radiography systems. Med Phys. 2003;30:608
  27. Spahn M, Strotzer M, Volk M, et al. Digital radiography with a large area amorphous silicon flat panel x-ray detector system. Invest Radiol. 2000;35:260
  28. Borasi G, Nitrosi A, Ferrari P, et al. On site evaluation of three flat panel detectors for digital radiography. Med Phys. 2003;30:1719
  29. Kengyelics SM, Cowen AR, Davies AG. Image quality evaluation of a direct digital radiography detector operating in a UK radiology department. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 1999;3659:24
  30. Gomi T, Koshida K, Miyati T, et al. An experimental comparison of flat-panel detector performance for direct and indirect systems (initial experience and physical evaluation). J Digit Imaging. 2006;29:362
  31. International Electrotechnical Commission . Medical electrical equipment: characteristics of digital x-ray imaging devices – part 1: determination of the detective quantum efficiency. Document number 62220-1 Geneva: International Electrotechnical Commission; 2003;
  32. Hamers S, Freyschmidt J, Neitzel U. Digital radiography with a large-scale electronic flat panel detector vs screen-film radiography: observer preferences in clinical skeletal diagnostics. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1753
  33. Strotzer M, Volk M, Reiser M, et al. Chest radiography with a large-area detector based on cesium-iodide/amorphous-silicon technology: image quality and dose requirement in comparison with an asymmetric screen-film system. J Thorac Imaging. 2000;15:157
  34. Volk M, Paetzel C, Angele P, et al. Routine skeleton radiography using a flat panel detector: image quality and clinical acceptance at 50% dose reduction. Invest Radiol. 2003;38:230
  35. Bacher K, Smeets P, Bonnarens K, et al. Dose reduction in patients undergoing chest imaging: digital amorphous silicon flat-panel detector radiography versus conventional film-screen radiography and phosphor-based computed radiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:923
  36. Samei E, Hill JG, Frey GD, et al. Evaluation of a flat panel digital radiographic system for low-dose portable imaging of neonates. Med Phys. 2003;30:601
  37. Goo J, Im J, Kim JH, et al. Digital chest radiography with a selenium-based flat-panel detector versus a storage phosphor system: comparison of soft-copy images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:1013
  38. Awai K, Komi M, Shinchi H. Selenium-based digital radiography versus high-resolution storage phosphor radiography in the detection pulmonary nodules without calcification: ROC analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;177:1141
  39. Gruber M, Uffmann M, Weber M, et al. Direct detector radiography versus dual reading computed radiography: feasibility of dose reduction in chest radiography. Eur Radiol. 2006;16:1544
  40. Bacher K, Smeets P, Vereecken L, et al. Image quality and radiation dose on chest digital chest imaging of amorphous silicon and amorphous selenium flat-panel systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187:630
  41. Nagarkar VV, Tipnis SV, Gaysinskiy VB, et al. New design of a structured CsI(Tl) screen for digital mammography. SPIE Proc Phys Med Imaging. 2003;5030:541
  42. Neitzel U. Status and prospects of digital detector technology for CR and DR. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2005;114:32
  43. Daniel JH, Krusor B, Apte RB, et al. Micro-electro-mechanical system fabrication technology applied to large area x-ray image sensor arrays. J Vac Sci Technol. 2001;19:1219
  44. Street RA, Ready SE, van Schuylenbergh K, et al. Comparison of PbI2 and HgI2 for direct detection active matrix x-ray image sensors. J Appl Phys. 2002;91:3345
  45. Wong WS, Ready S, Matsuik R, et al. Amorphous silicon thin film transistor and arrays fabricated by jet-printing. Appl Phys Lett. 2002;80:610
  46. Street RA, Mulato M, Lau R, et al. Image capture array with an organic light sensor. Appl Phys Lett. 2001;78:4193

PII: S0009-9260(07)00470-9

doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2007.10.014

Clinical Radiology
Volume 63, Issue 5 , Pages 487-498 , May 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution