Clinical Radiology
Volume 62, Issue 3 , Pages 195-203 , March 2007

Delayed complications of radiotherapy treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: imaging findings

Received 30 June 2006 ,Revised 29 September 2006 ,Accepted 3 October 2006.

References 

  1. Lee AWM, Law SCK, Ng SH, et al. Retrospective analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated during 1976–1985; late complications following megavoltage irradiation. Br J Radiol. 1992;65:918–928
  2. Teo PML, Leung SF, Chan ATC, et al. Final report of a randomized trail on altered-fractionated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma prematurely terminated by significant increase in neurologic complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48:1311–1322
  3. Lee AW, Sze WM, Fowler JF, et al. Caution on the use of altered fractionation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 1999;52:207–211
  4. Chong VF, Fan YF, Mukherji SK. Radiation-induced temporal lobe changes: CT and MR imaging characteristics. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175:431–436
  5. Chan YL, Leung SF, King AD, et al. Late radiation injury to the temporal lobes: morphorlogic evaluation at MR imaging. 1999;213:800–807.
  6. Cheng KM, Chan CM, Fu YT, et al. Brain abscess formation in radiation necrosis of the temporal lobe following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2000;142:435–441
  7. Chan YL, Yeung DK, Leung SF, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of late delayed radiation-induced injury of the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10:130–137
  8. Chong VFH, Rumple H, Aw YS, et al. Temporal lobe necrosis following radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 1H MR spectroscopic findings. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999;45:699–705
  9. Yeung DK, Chan Y, Leung S, et al. Detection of an intense resonance at 2.4 ppm in 1H MR spectra of patients with severe late-delayed, radiation induced brain injuries. Magn Reson Med. 2001;45:994–1000
  10. Chan YL, Yeung DKW, Leung SF, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in radiation-induced cerebral necrosis:apparent diffusion coefficient in lesion components. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2003;27:674–680
  11. Tsui EY, Chan JH, Ramsey RG, et al. Late temporal lobe necrosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: evaluation with combined multi-section diffusion weighted and perfusion weighted MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2001;39:133–138
  12. Wong WC, Cheng PW, Chan FL, et al. Improved diagnosis of a temporal lobe abscess in a post-irradiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol. 2002;57:1040–1043
  13. Ricci PE, Karis JP, Heiserman JE, et al. Differentiating recurrent tumour from radiation necrosis: time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:407–413
  14. Lin YS, Jen YM, Lin JC. Radiation-related cranial nerve palsy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95:404–409
  15. King AD, Ahuja A, Leung SF, et al. MR of the denervated tongue in radiation induced neuropathy. Br J Radiol. 1999;72:349–353
  16. Gaucher S, Viala J, Lusinchi A, et al. CT and MR aspects of 28 patients with cerebral radiation necrosis irradiated for ORL tumors: correlation with the radiation technique. J Radiol. 2002;83:1749–1757
  17. Sanguineti G, Geara FB, Garden AS, et al. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy alone: determinants of local and regional control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;37:985–996
  18. Lam WW, Yuen HY, Wong KS, et al. Clinically underdetected asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis as a late complication of radiotherapy in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Head Neck. 2001;23:780–784
  19. Lam WW, Liu KH, Leung SF, et al. Sonographic characterization of radiation-induced carotid artery stenosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13:168–173
  20. Lam WW, Leung SF, So NM, et al. Incidence of carotid stenosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients after radiotherapy. Cancer. 2001;92:2357–2363
  21. Peterson DI, Alfonso F, Geslani B. Cerebral infarction due to radiation accelerated arteriosclerosis. Bull Clin Neurosci. 1987;52:43–46
  22. Call GK, Bray PF, Smoker WR, et al. Carotid thrombosis following neck irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990;18:635–640
  23. AI-Mubarak N, Roubin GS, Iyer SS, et al. Carotid stenting for severe radiation-induced extracranial carotid artery occlusive disease. J Endovasc Ther. 2000;7:36–40
  24. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL. Inflammation and repair. In: Pathologic basis of disease. 5th ed.. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1994;p. 51–92
  25. King AD, Yuen HYE, Chan PN, et al. MR mimics of recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Eur J Rad extra. 2005;55:23–27
  26. Rejab E, Said H, Saim L, et al. Sphenoid sinus mucocoele: a possible late complication of radiotherapy to the head and neck. J Laryngol Otol. 1991;105:959–960
  27. Wong CS, Luk SH, Leung TW, et al. Sphenoid sinus mucocoele and cranial nerve palsies in a patient with a history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: may mimic local recurrence. Clin Oncol. 2001;13:353–355
  28. Ku PK, Tong MC, Tsang SS, et al. Acquired posterior choanal stenosis and atresia: management of this ususual complication after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol. 2001;22:225–229
  29. Huang TS, Huang SC, Hsu MM. A prospective study of hypothalamus pituitary function after cranial irradiation with or without radiosensitizing chemotherapy. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994;17:615–623
  30. Darzy KH, Shalet SM. Hypopituitarism after cranial irradiation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2005;28:78–87
  31. Lau KY, Sze WM, Lee AW, et al. MRI of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in patients with hyperprolactinaemia following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Singapore Med J. 2001;42:406–409
  32. Nomayr A, Lell M, Sweeney R, et al. MRI appearance of radiation-induced changes of normal cervical tissues. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:1807–1817
  33. Tartaglino LM, Rao VM, Markiewicz DA. Imaging of radiation changes in the head and neck. Semin Roentgenol. 1994;29:81–91
  34. Bronstein AD, Nyberg DA, Schwartz AN, et al. Increased salivary gland density on contrast-enhanced CT after head and neck radiation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149:1259–1263
  35. Goh YH, Chong VF, Low WK. Temporal bone tumours in patients irradiated for nasopharyngeal neoplasm. Laryngol Otol. 1999;113:222–228
  36. King AD, Ahuja AT, Teo P, et al. Radiation induced sarcomas of the head and neck following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clin Radiol. 2000;55:684–689
  37. Hsieh ST, Guo YC, Tsai TL, et al. Parosteal osteosarcoma of the mastoid bone following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Med Assoc. 2004;67:314–316
  38. Wang CC, Chen ML, Hsu KH, et al. Second malignant tumors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and their association with the Epstein–Barr virus. Int J Cancer. 2000;87:228–231

PII: S0009-9260(06)00413-2

doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.10.011

Clinical Radiology
Volume 62, Issue 3 , Pages 195-203 , March 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution